Bibliography

Works Cited
"Genetic Counseling." Web log post. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Ed. Meghan E. Carey. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Human Genome Program, 29 Sept. 2008. Web. 02 May 2010. .
Http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/949681-overview. Photograph.
Http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/24/1/157/F23.large.jpg. Photograph.
Ross, Judith. "Turner Syndrome." Web log post. KidsHealth - the Web's Most Visited Site about Children's Health. The Nemours Foundation, Aug. 2008. Web. 02 May 2010. .
"Turner Syndrome." Web log post. Learn.Genetics%u2122. The Unitersity of Utah, 02 May 2010. Web. 02 May 2010. .
Www.dnadirect.com/.../karyotypeTurner.jpg. Photograph.

What are genetic counselors?:

Genetic counselors are health professionals that practice in the medical and genetics counseling field. They must have specialized graduate degrees and
most major in nursing, public health, genetics, social work, psychology, biology, public health, or social work.
Genetic counselors work on healthcare team and provide support and information to families with birth defects or genetic disorders or families that are at risk for inherited conditions or may be at risk for them. They find the families who are at risk for genetic disorders, investigate the genetic history in the family, learn about the genetic disorder, analyze the genetic disorder's sympthoms the patient is having, and show the family the options available. Genetic counselors also give support and counseling to families.

Medical Information:

In normal cases, a female has two X chromosomes, one from the mother and the other from the father. When females have Turner syndrome, they are missing one X chromosome.
Turner syndrome is caused by nondisjunction. Nondisjunction is when a pair of sex chromosomes doesn’t separate during the formation of an egg. If an abnormal egg joins with a normal sperm, forming an embryo, it may not have one of the sex chromosomes. When the embryo grows and all of the cells divide, the baby won't have one of the X chromosomes in every cell.
Turner syndrome is not inherited from a parent with this disorder because women with Turner syndrome can't have kids.
Turner syndrome affects the sexual and growth development. The girls can grow to be an average of 4 feet 8 inches, and may not start puberty at the normal times. The ovaries, which make eggs, the sex hormones, estrogen, and progesterone, won't develop properly. The women look like they have a hefty appearance. Their arms slightly turn out at the elbow; they have a short webbed neck, a lower jaw, and low hairline at the back of the neck. The medical symptoms include: lymph edema (swelling of hands and feet), heart defects, kidney defects, high blood pressure, and infertility.
Turner Syndrome affects 1 out of about 2,500 babies, or 60,000 females in the United States. There are about 800 new cases diagnosed each year.
Turner syndrome can be diagnosed within a few months of the baby’s life by the physical symptoms. Other patients can be diagnosed in their teenage years because they don't grow normally or experience puberty at all.
If Turner syndrome is suspected, a blood sample making a karyotype can be used to diagnose. Turner syndrome can also be diagnosed during the pregnancy with amniocentesis, or a chorionic villus sampling (CVS). In an ultrasound Turners syndrome can be identified by its physical symptoms before the baby is born.

The best way to treat Turner syndrome is hormone replacement therapy. Teenagers can be treated with growth hormone to help grow to a normal height. If treatment is started early enough in childhood, final height growth rates are very high. Another treatment for Turner syndrome is estrogen replacement. This helps girls develop the physical changes of puberty. This treatment usually starts when a girl is about thirteen.
Women with Turner syndrome are sterile, but vitro fertilization can make pregnancy possible. A donor egg is used to create an embryo, which is put into the womb. With proper supportive care, the woman can carry and deliver a baby through the normal birth process.
Everyone with Turner syndrome is different, some can have a lot of physical differences and some can have only a few medical problems. Using early, appropriate medical care with ongoing support, most people with Turners syndrome can lead normal and productive lives and die at the average death rate.

Personal Information:
Since Turner syndrome usually distorts a girl’s physical looks, they may have low self-esteem or issues with dealing how their body looks. People with this disorder may have learning difficulties, especially in math. The good news is the majority is able to go to regular schooling and classes. They are generally able to learn well by hearing, write well, develop good language skills, and memorize information just as well as others.
If you have Turner syndrome, know it's not your fault for having physical and medical problems, but it's only a small part of your total physical, emotional, and intellectual self.
Here are a few suggestions that will help you cope:
-Join a support group for girls with Turner syndrome. You can ask your doctor or parents about more information, or go on http://www.dailystrength.org/c/Turner-Syndrome/support-group.
-Get plenty of exercise by staying active in sports or hobbies that you enjoy. There have been studies that have shown exercise can lower stress levels.
-Get out and do volunteer work. Helping other people can boost your self-esteem and your confidence too!
-Talk to a professional therapist if you continue to feel bad about yourself. Professional help can build yourself.
-esteem and confront your concerns about living with Turner syndrome. Discuss this with your parents if you think you need help.
-Write a journal or diary where you write down all you thoughts and feelings about the challenges you're dealing with.
-Be open with your parents or school counselor if you are having problems at school.
If you have a friend who has Turner syndrome, remember to respect her emotional and physical needs. She may not always feel comfortable talking about her condition, so make sure not to push her about talking about anything if they aren't comfortable about it. You can also support your friend more than you can imagine just by hanging out and doing things you enjoy together. Be a good listener if she turns to you for advice or comfort, and make sure to stick up for her because good friends only come once in a lifetime.
Since Turner syndrome is a condition that is caused by a chromosomal abnormality, there's no specific cure yet. Science is experimenting with DNA and chromosomes but we aren't that far in any genetic cures. Hopefully in the future there will be a cure for Turner syndrome and all other genetic diseases!